Hollywood On Trial Essays - Film Censorship In The United States

Hollywood On Trial The world is full of injustice. Of programs that want to accomplish the right things but get twisted by the people that run them. This essay will deal with the reasons and Birth of the Hays Commission, the ludicrous steps they took to add morality to the motion picture industry, and some other sensors of the time. All things said in this essay are true and taken from the Hays correspondence its self. It is a known fact that sex sells. It is used by advertisers to get us to by there product, and likewise it is used by producers and directors to get us to see their films. During he Depression, no one had enough money to buy dinner much less go see a movie. So, there was a increase in the sex that was on the screen to pull in people. Not that there was any rules or guidelines of the studios to follow. It was just they didn't care. There was a outcry by the catholic church and in April, 1934 a committee of bishops were set up named The Legion of Decency. These Bishops would tell all the priests, and they in turn would in turn tell the parishioners what movies were proper to see and what was not. This thought scared the Hollywood studios. A boycott of that size in the middle of a depression would crush them. The heads of all the major studios got together to solve this problem. They knew that they didn't want to lose the Catholics, and they didn't want government intervention. Their solution was to have a board to censor all the movies coming from the major studios (at that time it was legal for studios to own their own theaters so independent films weren't generally seen by the public at large). To head this committee was William Hays. William Hays was a Republican politician from Indiana with the impatient look a mailman whose paycheck was being sent by mail. Actually he was the Postmaster General in one of the most corrupt administrations of the century, Warren G. Harding(Gardner, xvii). Because of this, he had friends on high places in the movie industry. Even though his name was on the committee all he was responsible for was making the set of rules. To enforce these laws a reporter with catholic leanings (surprise, surprise), Joe Breen, was used. The way the censoring worked is that the studio would send the finished screenplay and reels of the movies to the committee. They in turn send a letter back to the studio telling all the corrections that needed to done. This would go back and forth until the committee was satisfied it would give the movie its stamp of approval. Without this stamp none of the distributors would touch it. There was a court of appeals but it was more of a token than any thing else. Some of the dialog that was cut from movies was ludicrous. In Going My Way they thought priests in a bad light. In Inherit the Wind the whole premise of the film could not be accepted originally because it supposedly slammed Christianity and portrayed the minister as the villain in the movie (parish the thought no pun intended). Sunset Boulevard was rejected because Norma's crime of shooting Gillis went unpunished. Apparently the fact that she was a lunatic wasn't enough. In Casablanca certain facts were left on the cutting room floor. Like Ilsa knew that her husband was alive and had the affair anyway. The whole movie is full of sexual innuendoes. Captain Renult, the viche officer, only gave visas to women who would have sex with him. All this was neatly taken out of the movie. Every one knows that no married woman sleeps with another man unless her husband is dead (sometimes not even then). And there would not be a man in the world who would take advantage of a woman in that way. And the directors had other concerns as well. Casablanca was not accepted in Sweden. It was one of the few countries that escaped the scourge of the Nazis. Sweden thought that if they showed a movie with so much Nazi

Free Essays on Haitian Revolution

The French Revolution came about in 1789 in reaction to an absolute monarchy in which the people did not have a voice. The Revolution touched and transformed social values and political systems in France, in Europe, and eventually throughout the world. France's revolutionary regime conquered much of Western Europe with its arms and with its ideology. The ideologies of the revolutionaries were of individual liberty; they rejected monopolies on commerce, government claims on land, and the remnants of serfdom. They believed in a constitutional government with elections and legislative supremacy. They demanded equal rights for all, denied the claims of privileged groups, localities, or religions to special treatment and required the equality of all citizens before the law. Their ultimate goal was expressed by the concept of fraternity; that all citizens regardless of social class, region, or religion shared a common fate in society, and that the well being of the nation sometimes super seded the interests of individuals. The revolutionary slogan was Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity for all. This ideology of the French Revolution inspired the revolt in the French colony of St. Domingue, which in turn impacted the Western Hemisphere in many ways. St. Domingue was the richest colony of France; they were the largest exporter of sugar to the eastern world. To meet with the increasing demand for sugar, France imported African slaves to fill the labor deficit. Near the time of the French Revolution, slaves outnumbered white plantation owner’s 15:1. There were approximately 500,000 slaves and only 40,000 white slave owners. White plantation owners exploited the slaves and literally worked them to death because it was cheaper than taking care of elder slaves. The average life span of a slave in St. Domingue was 15 years. At the time of the revolution in France, slaves in St. Domingue were already very resentful of their owners. However, the sl... Free Essays on Haitian Revolution Free Essays on Haitian Revolution The French Revolution came about in 1789 in reaction to an absolute monarchy in which the people did not have a voice. The Revolution touched and transformed social values and political systems in France, in Europe, and eventually throughout the world. France's revolutionary regime conquered much of Western Europe with its arms and with its ideology. The ideologies of the revolutionaries were of individual liberty; they rejected monopolies on commerce, government claims on land, and the remnants of serfdom. They believed in a constitutional government with elections and legislative supremacy. They demanded equal rights for all, denied the claims of privileged groups, localities, or religions to special treatment and required the equality of all citizens before the law. Their ultimate goal was expressed by the concept of fraternity; that all citizens regardless of social class, region, or religion shared a common fate in society, and that the well being of the nation sometimes super seded the interests of individuals. The revolutionary slogan was Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity for all. This ideology of the French Revolution inspired the revolt in the French colony of St. Domingue, which in turn impacted the Western Hemisphere in many ways. St. Domingue was the richest colony of France; they were the largest exporter of sugar to the eastern world. To meet with the increasing demand for sugar, France imported African slaves to fill the labor deficit. Near the time of the French Revolution, slaves outnumbered white plantation owner’s 15:1. There were approximately 500,000 slaves and only 40,000 white slave owners. White plantation owners exploited the slaves and literally worked them to death because it was cheaper than taking care of elder slaves. The average life span of a slave in St. Domingue was 15 years. At the time of the revolution in France, slaves in St. Domingue were already very resentful of their owners. However, the sl...

Person-centred counselling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Person-centred counselling - Essay Example   One of the most important principles of person-centred counselling is the presentation of the client as the expert (Arnason 2001, 299).   It aims to help the client to explore, express, and understand his own emotions.   It is believed that the client is able to understand what he feels as well as why he feels so.   Person-centred approach is based on the technologies of the self – the ones that permit the individual to effect by their own means or with the help of the other a certain number of operations in their own bodies, souls, thoughts and way of being.   This type of counselling helps individuals to transform themselves in order to become happy, pure, wise and perfect.     It should be added that person-centred approach to counselling places the great value on self-reliance and self-respect, individual initiative and responsibility (Arnason 2001, 299).   Similar to other types of counselling, person-centred approach requires that dialogues between the client and counsellor should be varied in pace and style within sessions.   There may be long periods of silences as well as lots of story telling from the client (Schapira 2000, 54).   In any case, the counsellors give the clients the opportunity to tell about their troubles and worried without any pressure.   Such relations help to establish the mutual trust and encourage the client to speak openly and voluntary.     Carl Rogers, as the founder of person-centred approach, felt no need to devise theories – trying to fit to the theory meant for him.... In any case, the counsellors give the clients the opportunity to tell about their troubles and worried without any pressure. Such relations help to establish the mutual trust and encourage the client to speak openly and voluntary. Carl Rogers, as the founder of person-centred approach, felt no need to devise theories - trying to fit to the theory meant for him that the experiences and perceptions of the client were ignored (Mytton 1999, 66). Person-centred therapy is the humanistic approach and instead of the focusing on the childhood origins of the client's problems, it is focused on the present experiences. Most of the underlining concepts of person-centred approach are the result of Rogers' childhood experiences: he was brought up to believe that human nature was corrupt and worthless. From this pessimistic view of the world, he has managed to develop the positive theory of personality. Similar to the plants who have the innate tendency to grow from the seed to their full potential, person-centred approach in relation to humans calls this approach the actualizing tendency. Actualizing tendency is the drive which continues throughout the life as humans move towards the fulfilment of all that is possible for them to achieve. Actualization for humans is more than mere physical growth and survival, it includes the reduction and satisfaction of psychological needs, the desire for live and safety, the drive to learn and be creative. Moreover, Rogers believed that actualizing tendency was the only motive needed to account for all human behaviour. The human world consists of memories, sensations, perceptions and meanings that are available to consciousness - internal frame